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| Stone chimney before |
The drought we've been having in the
Midwest the past few weeks has caused major problems with a lost of
masonry chimneys. As dirt pulls away from the foundation of a
chimney it can cause a chimney to lean, which is a problem that needs
to be addressed as soon as it is noticed by the homeowner.
We are seeing a lot of leaning chimneys these days. This project is on a 100-year old home Kansas City, Missouri, that required tear down and rebuilding of the stone chimney. We poured a new foundation, rebuilt a frame wall on the house to bring it back into plumb, and are currently rebuilding the the chimney using stone at the base, and a stone/brick combination further up. The chimney had moved 14”out of plumb, was bowed out in the center, and was in severe danger of collapsing. The homeowners were concerned that it was a safety hazard, and indeed it was.
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| Chimney 14" out of plumb |
Where chimneys are leaning 3” or
more, piering should be completed by an experienced professional,
however, be sure to contact a company that does piering first, rather
than just Mudjacking. Mudjacking is the process by which a mixture
of cement, dirt, and water, or lime and water is pumped underneath
concrete slabs to restore them to their original position. It is
used to stabilize settling concrete such as sidewalks and patios that
are non-load bearing structures.
In the case of a chimney, mudjacking should never be used alone because it cannot support the weight. Push piers should be installed first to lift the masonry to a level position, then mudjacking can be done to fill the empty space under the footing. Piering is a permanent repair solution. Excavation is done around the foundation, brackets are installed on the foundation and under it, and the pier is attached to the foundation with bolts. Hydrolic hoses are attached, and sections of pipe are pushed into the ground to solid bedrock. Multiple rams are then lifted in unison to the desired height, then back-filling or mudjacking is completed. We have developed relationships with local piering contractors we feel comfortable recommending to homeowners. These contractors also refer business to us. In fact, they have changed their contracts to include risk of damage to the chimney interior and that it should be inspected by us after their work is completed.
Watch out for the hidden leaning
chimney – one that has trim work on the exterior added to conceal a
space between the chimney and the house. We've seen some trim added
that was 1” wide at the bottom and 6” wide at the top. Signs of
chimney movement can also be found at the flashing area, where you
may find flashing pulled out of place or large gaps. The homeowner
may also complain of a leak.
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| Tony Gross and Ricky Cline on the job |
Anytime a chimney is moved it is likely to have interior damages that can be a fire hazard, so it is imperative for the homeowner to call a qualified chimney sweep to inspect the interior using an interior camera system. If cracks in flue tiles or shifted flue tiles are found, relining will be necessary. When a chimney pulls away from the house, a gap is usually left behind the facial wall of the fireplace, which is not a structural part of the chimney. This space can allow heat to escape into an area where there are likely combustible framing and headers, so a gap here can be a real fire hazard. It is common for masonry chimneys to shift or settle slightly, so this is an area that needs to be inspected at the time of any chimney evaluation and if gaps of any size are found they should be packed in with mortar.
We've also seen some rare instances where a chimney leans in towards a house, and that presents a more difficult problem because access to the foundation is not as easy. The solution is usually to tear the chimney down and rebuild it.
When a chimney starts to show structural failure with cracks in the masonry or bowing of the masonry, or if the structure has shifted far out of plumb, the chimney needs to be taken down completely and rebuilt. Homeowners should consult with a chimney construction specialist or structural engineer if they are in doubt about what to do, since there is a “gray area” where the solution could be either piering or rebuilding, and is a matter of opinion.
Homeowners can help prevent chimneys from leaning by thoroughly watering the foundation every two or three days during drought in order to keep clay and dirt packed against the foundation.
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Prep work involved bracing the chimney so it
didn't collapse during the tear-down process |
For the safety of our crew (and to protect the neighbor's house), Gene set up
special supports using the neighbor's stone porch as a counter
support during the tear down process. The supports were constructed
using $250 worth of 4” x 6” x 16' lumber (see photo). This is
usually not required, but it is a useful technique to know. The
lumber can be reused. The crew set up roof protection and scaffold
with safety rails and walk-boards installed, and removed all of the
stones from the chimney one at a time from the top down. This is the
only way to safely tear down a chimney. A commercial dumpster was
placed on site for debris removal, however, most of the stones were
still in good condition so they were saved and reused.
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| Ricky Cline pointing in the new stones |
Next, the footing was poured using high
strength cement with rebar crisis-crossed 6” apart in the cement.
This is tied into the existing foundation of the house. A block
foundation was next, then the fireplace, which the homeowner wanted a
certain size fireplace measuring 24” x 36”.
The finished chimney is below:
